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Meet the Man Who Invented the Instructions for the Internet | Wired Enterprise
Steve Crocker was there when the internet was born. The date was Oct. 29, 1969, and the place was the University of California, Los Angeles. Crocker was among a small group of UCLA researchers who sent the first message between the first two nodes of the ARPAnet, the U.S. Department of Defense–funded network that eventually morphed into the modern internet.
Crocker’s biggest contribution to the project was the creation of the Request for Comments, or RFC. Shared among the various research institutions building the ARPAnet, these were documents that sought to describe how this massive network would work, and they were essential to its evolution — so essential, they’re still used today.
Like the RFCs, Crocker is still a vital part of the modern internet. He’s the chairman of the board of ICANN, the organization which operates the internet’s domain naming system, following in the footsteps of his old high school and UCLA buddy Vint Cerf. And like Cerf, Crocker is part of the inaugural class inducted into the Internet Society‘s (ISOC) Hall of Fame.
This week, he spoke with Wired about the first internet transmission, the creation of the RFCs, and their place in history. ‘RFC’ is now included in the Oxford English Dictionary. And so is Steve Crocker.
Wired: Some say the internet was born on Oct. 29, 1969, when the first message was sent between UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute (SRI). But others say it actually arrived a few weeks earlier, when UCLA set up its ARPAnet machines. You were there. Which is it?
Steve Crocker: October. The very first attempt to get some communication between our machine, a Sigma 7, and [Douglas] Engelbart‘s machine, an SDS-940, at SRI.
Famously, it crashed.
We tried to log in [to the SRI machine]. We had a very simple terminal protocol so that you could act like you were a terminal at our end and log in to their machine. But the software had a small bug in it. We sent the ‘l’ and the ‘o,’ but the ‘g’ caused a crash.
Their system had the sophistication that if you started typing a command and you got to the point where there was no other possibility, it would finish the command for you. So when you typed ‘l-o-g,’ it would respond with the full word: ‘l-o-g-i-n.’ But the software that we had ginned up wasn’t expecting more than one character to ever come back. The ‘l’ was typed, and we got an ‘l’ back. The ‘o’ was typed, and we got an ‘o’ back. But the ‘g’ was typed, and it wasn’t expecting the ‘g-i-n.’ A simple problem. Easily fixed.
Wired: And the internet was born?
Crocker: Some say that this was a single network and therefore not ‘the internet.’ The ARPAnet was all one kind of router, and it didn’t interconnect with other networks. Some people say that the internet was created when multiple networks were connected to each other — that the IP [internet protocol] and TCP [transmission control protocol] work on top of that were instrumental in creating the internet.
The people who worked at that layer, particularly Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn [the inventors of IP and TCP], tend to make a careful distinction between the APRAnet and the later expansion into multiple networks, and they mark the birth of the internet from that later point.
But, conversely, the basic design of protocol layers and documentation and much of the upper structure was done as part of the ARPAnet and continued without much modification as the internet came into being. So, from the user point of view, Telnet, FTP, and e-mail and so forth were all born early on, on the ARPAnet, and from that point of view, the expansion to the internet was close to seamless. You can mark the birth of internet back to the ARPAnet.
via wired.com
The internet runs on insructions called RFCs. Here is the man who invented this innovation. One more part of the miracle that is the internet
Thursday, May 17, 2012
Wednesday, May 16, 2012
Admitted file-swapper begs Supreme Court for help | Ars Technica
Supreme Court, debunker of "urban legends"?"Joel Tenenbaum is a fine and courageous young man who has just received his doctorate in statistical physics,” begins Tenenbaum's recent plea to the Supreme Court (PDF). He is also an admitted file-swapper. At trial, a jury of his peers decided that he should pay the record labels $675,000 in statutory damages.
Tenenbaum's lawyer, well-known Harvard Law professor Charles Nesson, wants the Supremes to understand that the industry's "litigation assault" on people like Tenenbaum is "procedurally unfair and profoundly unethical.” Such damage awards, Nesson continues, seek to:
punish [Tenenbaum] beyond any rational measure of the damage he conceivably caused, not for the purpose of recovering compensation for actual damage caused by him, nor for the primary purpose of deterring him from further copyright infringement, but for the ulterior purpose of creating an urban legend so frightening to children using the Internet, and so frightening for parents and teachers of students using the Internet, that they will somehow reverse the tide of the digital future.
As part of its massive legal campaign against online file-swapping, the Recording Industry Association of America [RIAA] sued nearly 20,000 people during the middle part of the last decade. Only two took their cases all the way to a trial and verdict. The first was Jammie Thomas-Rasset in Minnesota; Tenenbaum, from Massachusetts, was the second. In both cases, judges overturned the absurd verdicts (Thomas-Rasset owed $222,000, $1.92 million, and then $1.5 million after her three trials, respectively) and said that anything above $2,250 per song had entered "monstrous and shocking" territory.
The recording industry, keen to avoid this as a precedent, appealed both cases. The Thomas-Rasset case continues at the appellate level; the Tenenbaum case was sent back to the trial court last September with a demand that Judge Nancy Gertner simply cut the $675,000 down to size using a common-law process called "remittitur" rather than concluding (as she did) that the award was so disproportionate to harm as to be constitutionally impermissible.
This might sound like a technicality—in both cases, Tenenbaum's payout would be cut to $67,500—but it has a serious implication. If Judge Gertner "remits" the award, the labels could choose to have another trial against Tenenbaum. If Judge Gertner reaches the constitutional question, the trial stage ends.
These aren't hypotheticals; this happened in the Thomas-Rasset case. After a $1.92 million verdict was slashed using remittitur, the labels took Thomas-Rasset to trial once more. It's an expensive, lengthy process, and one that's probably pointless. In the four trials to date on this particular issue, no jury has ever come in beneath the upper bound set by the judges. (The juries are told nothing of previous judgments or of the judge's own rulings in these matters.)
Nesson complains that the requirement to conduct remittitur first simply helps those with enough money to see a lawsuit through to the end. “The deployment of remittitur as a means of fending off constitutional issues empowers the copyright-holding corporations to subject any individual who is seeking to protest the unconstitutionality of their settlement methods to years and then further years of endless litigation and repeated trials,” he wrote to the Supreme Court.
The whole issue might seem moot (except for Tenenbaum), since the recording industry has dropped its mass lawsuit campaign. But Nesson notes that, in the last few years, scores of others have adopted similar tactics, especially when it comes to pornographic films.
Nesson tells me that the Supreme Court will decide later this week whether it will hear Tenenbaum's appeal.
via arstechnica.com
Tuesday, May 15, 2012
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Friday, May 11, 2012
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16th Annual Webby Award Winners Announced
The 16th annual Webby Awards are upon us, and Mashable has an exclusive list of all the winners.
Considered by many to be the Internet’s Academy Awards, the Webbys honors online media in four categories: websites; interactive advertising and media; online film and video; and mobile and apps.
Each category awards two prizes — the Webby Award, which is chosen by the International Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Webby People’s Voice Award, which is chosen by the public in an online voting system. A record 1.5 million people voted online this year.
Some of this year’s notable wins include Pinterest, Spotify and Google+ — all first-time winners — as well as Facebook, which beat out Twitter, Kiva, YouTube and Change.org in the category of “People’s Special Achievement Webby for Social Change.”
This year marks the first time the award is being given to honor the Internet as a driving force in advancing and organizing societies around the world.
Another 2012 Webby highlight is Instagram, which is being honored as the “Webby Breakout of the Year” in light of its billion dollar acquisition by Facebook.
Icelandic singer-songwriter Bjork is receiving recognition for her album Biophilia, which incorporated touchscreen technology in a multi-dimensional, digital album.
Juliette Lewis and Graydon Sheppard are both receiving special “Best Actresses” awards for their wildly popular YouTube series “Sh*t Girls Say.”
Mashable is humbled to receive the Webby Award in the “Best Blog – Business” category.
What follows is a complete rundown of this year’s winners — check out the Webbys site for more information.
Award Name Webby Award Winner People’s Voice Winner Activism Counterspill Counterspill’ Animation Address is Approximate Chipotle’s Back to the Start ‘ Art PhotoSeed Google Art Project’ Associations Downtown Seattle Association Website All Art is Advertising’ Augmented Reality The Sound of Football ‘Model Pick Up’ Automotive The 21stCentury Beetle – Rock ‘n’ Scroll. The 21stCentury Beetle – Rock ‘n’ Scroll. Banking/Bill paying Manilla ‘Manilla’ Banner Campaigns Homeless Banners ‘X3 launch’ Banner Singles Be Ridiculously Long Lasting Banner ‘Be Ridiculously Long Lasting Banner’ Beauty and Cosmetics YSL Experience ‘Glamour.com’s Beauty Channel’ Best Copywriting Dear 16-year-old Me ‘Prius Goes Plural’ Best Editing Plot Device ‘Michael Jackson: Behind the Mask’ Best Home/Welcome Page Visit Norway 360 ‘Sesame Street Muppets’ Best Individual Performance President Bush Reacts to Osama Bin Laden’s Death with Will Ferrell ‘Simon Pegg and Nick Frost’s Star Wars’ Best Integrated Media Plan The Inside Experience ‘State Farm “Thanks 9/11 Tribute”‘ Best Navigation/Structure The 21stCentury Beetle – Rock ‘n’ Scroll. ‘Google Music’ Best Practices Dropbox ‘Dropbox’ Best Use of Animation or Motion Graphics Draw A Stickman ‘Draw A Stickman’ Best Use of Device Camera Super 8 ‘Skype’ Best Use of GPS or Location Technology Google Cannes Heatmap ‘Keeping 15 Million People Connected for Safety’ Best Use of Interactive Video Jameson1780.com ‘Jameson1780.com’ Best Use of Mobile Video TED iPad App ‘Hulu Plus app’ Best Use of Online Media The Chase HTML5 Experience ‘Nike Back for the Future’ Best Use of Photography God’s Lake Narrows ‘Beyond 9/11′ Best Use of Social Media The Museum of Me ‘Old Spice Mano a Mano en el Bano’ Best Use of Video or Moving Image Asos Urban Tour ‘TED.com’ Best Visual Design – Aesthetic Kinetic Fanzine Vol.1 ‘Google Music’ Best Visual Design – Function The 21stCentury Beetle – Rock ‘n’ Scroll. ‘Pinterest’ Best Web Personality/Host 7 Minutes in Heaven with Mike O’Brien ‘Sonia’s Travels’ Best Writing (Editorial) newyorker.com ‘The Onion’ Best Writing Onion News Network’s “How To Get A Guy To Notice You While You’re Having Sex With Him” ‘Onion News Network’ Blog – Business Mashable ‘HuffPost Business’ Blog – Cultural The 99% ‘Know Your Meme’ Blog – Political FiveThirtyEight ‘It’s All Politics’ Branded Content The Creators Project ‘K-Swiss Branded Entertainment THE MOST AMAZING BEAT BOX VIDEO EVER ‘K-Swiss Celebrity/Fan MTV O Music Awards ‘Conan O’Brien Presents: Team Coco ‘ Charitable Organizations/Non-Profit The Pine Ridge Story ‘Amnesty USA’ Comedy: Individual Short or Episode Siri Argument ‘Simon Pegg and Nick Frost’s Star Wars’ Comedy: Long Form or Series Drunk History Christmas with Ryan Gosling, Jim Carrey and Eva Mendes ‘The Key of Awesome’ Community I Had Cancer ‘Tumblr’ Consumer Electronics Urbanears ‘HTC Sense’ Corporate Communications Google Music ‘Google Music’ Corporate Social Responsibility Ben & Jerry’s Fair Tweets ‘Ben & Jerry’s Fair Tweets’ Corporate Social Responsibility Campaigns Nike Back for the Future ‘Nike Back for the Future’ Cultural Institutions United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ‘United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ‘ Documentary: Individual Episode I will never be cut’: Kenyan girls fight back against genital mutilation ”I will never be cut’: Kenyan girls fight back against genital mutilation’ Documentary: Series Sundance Channel – Beginnings ‘Often Awesome The Series’ Drama The Confession ‘The Confession ‘ Education & Reference Khan Academy ’50 Greatest Photographs of National Geographic’ Education The Human Body App ‘TED.com’ Email Marketing Forgot Your Password ‘Alice: Madness Returns Launch Email’ Employment Glassdoor – an inside look at jobs and companies ‘Freelancer’ Entertainment (Tablets and All Other Devices) Super 8 ‘Weird Al Yankovic “When I Grow Up”‘ Entertainment (Handheld Devices) The Numberlys ‘The Onion’s iPad App’ Events & Live Webcasts TribecaFilm.com ‘YouTube Symphony Orchestra 2011 Grand Finale’ Events EducationNation.com ‘Sundance Film Festival’ Experimental & Innovation Google Wallet ‘SwiftKey’ Experimental & Weird The Future of the Book ‘Creating the Nebula’ Family/Parenting BabyCenter – Best Parenting Website ‘BabyCenter’ Fashion SHOWstudio ‘Vogue.com’ Financial Services Mint.com/Intuit ‘Mint’ Food and Beverage Foodily ‘The End’ Game or Application SPENT ‘Domino’s Pizza Hero’ Games androp “Bell” music video game ‘Disney Games’ Games (Handheld Devices) Heineken Star Player ‘The Adventures of Timmy: Run Kitty Run’ Games (Tablets & All Other Devices) MINI Maps ‘MINI Maps’ Games-Related Game Trailers ‘TwitchTV’ Government NASA Web Site ‘NASA Web Site’ Green Counterspill ‘National Geographic Environment’ Guides/Ratings/Reviews Yelp Mobile ‘Yelp Mobile’ Guides/Ratings/Reviews 9/11 Memorial Guide ‘Yelp’ Health Medify, Inc. ‘LIVESTRONG’ How-To and DIY Rethink Your Man Reminder ‘Lifehacker ‘ Humor The Onion ‘Cracked.com’ Insurance Allstate Teen Driver ‘State of Chaos’ Integrated Campaigns Germany will find you ‘Old Spice Mano a Mano en el Bano’ Integrated Mobile Experience SHO Social App for iPad ‘Sony Xperia Studio’ IT Hardware/Software frameratefest ‘Dell Do More (B2B Site)’ Law CitizenshipWorks ‘CitizenshipWorks’ Lifestyle Epicurious.com ‘Epicurious’ Lifestyle (Handheld Devices) Beef Essentials iPhone app ‘Epicurious’ Lifestyle (Tablets & All Other Devices) Unstuck ‘Unstuck’ Magazine Wired ‘National Geographic Magazine Online’ Mobile & Experience Marketing Ariel Fashion Shoot ‘I Went To Moma And…’ Mobile Advertising Microsoft Windows Azure iPad Ad ‘Uncover Your World’ Movie and Film Indiewire website ‘Walt Disney Studio Motion Pictures’ Music Spotify ‘Pandora’ Music The Creators Project The Creators Project Music Pitchfork ‘Pandora’ NetArt BLA BLA ‘PostSecret’ News The Daily Beast ‘BBC News website’ News (Handheld Devices) Flipboard for iPhone ‘NPR’ News (Tablet & All Other Devices) Bloomberg Businessweek+ ‘The Daily’ News & Politics: Individual Episode The VICE Guide To Congo ‘The VICE Guide To Congo’ News & Politics: Series Revolutionaries: Egypt’s Transformers ‘Al Jazeera English: The Stream’ Online Campaigns Touch the Rainbow ‘Old Spice Mano a Mano en el Bano’ Online Commercials Google Chrome: Dear Sophie ‘Google Chrome: Dear Sophie’ Online Guerilla & Innovation Take This Lollipop ‘Birds On Twitter’ Personal Blog/Website Clouds 365 Project Capturée Pharmaceuticals Ask A Patient ‘GoodRx’ Politics FactCheck.org ‘FactCheck.org’ Professional Services SoundCircus ‘The IdeaLists’ Public Service and Activism Dear 16-year-old Me ‘Undercover at Smithfield Foods’ Radio/Podcasts TED.com ‘TED’ Real Estate PadMapper ‘Apartment List’ Reality Periodic Table of Videos ‘Dog Park’ Religion and Spirituality Fervr ‘Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly’ Restaurant Beast and the Hare Restaurant Website ‘Chef Marc Forgione’ Retail ASOS ‘Fab’ Rich Media: B to C Intel – The Escape ‘Nike Free Arena’ Rich Media: Non-Profit/Educational A New Warrior ‘Amnesty – Slide to unlock’ Rich Media: Promotional Google Chrome: Dear Sophie ‘Google Chrome: Dear Sophie’ School/University Chicago Portfolio School ‘A Window on a Creative World’ Science Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering ‘Wired Science’ Self-Promotion/Portfolio The Work of Robert Jaso ‘School of Visual Arts’ Shopping (Handheld Devices) Target iPhone App ‘Target iPhone App’ Shopping (Tablets & All Other Devices) Fab.com app Fab.com app Social (Handheld Devices) Flipboard for iPhone ‘Flipboard for iPhone’ Social (Tablets & All Other Devices) Skype ‘Skype’ Social Media ‘Google+’ Sports Nike Training Club ‘WatchESPN’ Sports Egypt, football and revolution ‘Arctic Hoop Dreams’ Sports ESPN.com ‘ESPN’ Technology Picturing Science: Museum Scientists & Imaging Technologies ‘CNET TV’ Telecommunications Huawei Mobiles ‘Nokia Swipe’ Television HBO Connect ‘Hulu’ Tourism NYC The Official Guide ‘Greenland’ Travel FlightBoard ‘KAYAK’ Travel KAYAK.com ‘KAYAK’ Travel & Adventure From Peru for Peru ‘From Per├║ for Peru’ Utilities & Services (Handheld Devices) Evernote ‘Evernote’ Utilities & Services (Tablets & All Other Devices) Zillow Real Estate App ‘Shutterstock for iPad’ Variety Lynn Hirschberg’s Screen Tests ‘TEDTalks’ Video Remixes/Mashups Nike Better World ‘Tim Tebow – “All He Does Is Win”‘ Viral I Hope This Gets To You ‘Muppet Show Theme Song by Ok GO’ Viral Marketing Cat ‘Draw A Stickman’ Web Services & Applications Dropbox ‘Dropbox’ Weird I Found Money Today ‘Kim Jong-Il looking at things’ Youth Sesame Street Muppets ‘It Gets Better Project’ People’s Special Achievement for Social Change ‘Facebook’ The 2012 Webby Award winners will be honored at a gala in New York City on May 21. You can see a full list of this year’s nominees at WebbyAwards.com.
Are you pleased with this year’s winners? Sound off in the comments.
via mashable.com
Our Academy Awards
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